TRANSFORMASI MAKROEKONOMI INDONESIA: DARI ORDE BARU MENUJU STABILISASI REFORMASI (1998–2004)
Pendahuluan, Tinjauan Pustaka, Metode, Hasil dan Diskusi, Kesimpulan
Abstract
Krisis Finansial Asia 1997–1998 mengungkap kelemahan struktural ekonomi Indonesia era Orde Baru yang bercorak kapitalisme negara, seperti ketergantungan pada utang luar negeri, lemahnya regulasi keuangan, dan praktik rente yang meluas. Penelitian ini menganalisis transformasi makroekonomi Indonesia pada masa awal Reformasi (1999– 2004) dengan fokus pada kebijakan stabilisasi pascakrisis dan perubahan kelembagaan. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif-historis yang didukung data BPS, Bank Indonesia, dan literatur relevan, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan moneter ketat, restrukturisasi perbankan, penguatan independensi Bank Indonesia, serta reformasi dalam kerangka IMF berhasil menekan inflasi dan memulihkan pertumbuhan ekonomi hingga 5,13 persen pada 2004, meskipun volatilitas masih terjadi pada 2001–2002. Amandemen Pasal 33 UUD 1945 mencerminkan pergeseran menuju sistem ekonomi campuran yang mengintegrasikan efisiensi pasar dan keadilan sosial. Secara umum, Reformasi awal berhasil mencapai stabilisasi makroekonomi, namun persoalan struktural seperti ketimpangan dan dominasi oligarki tetap berlanjut.
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